Роҳнамо:АФБ барои ҳиндӣ ва урду

The charts below show the way in which the Алифбои Фонетикии Байналхалқӣ (АФБ) represents ҳиндӣ and урду pronunciations in Wikipedia articles.

See Hindustani phonology for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Hindi-Urdu. See Devanagari and Urdu alphabet for help converting Hindi and Urdu spelling to pronunciation.

Consonants
IPA	Hindi	Urdu	Approximate English equivalent
k	क	ک	sky
kʰ	ख	کھ	ache (khh sound)
ɡ	ग	گ	again
ɡʱ	घ	گھ	aghast
ŋ	ङ	ن	bank (mostly Hindi; Urdu uses [n] (ن)).
tʃ	च	چ	catch
tʃʰ	छ	چھ	choose
dʒ	ज	ج	jazz
dʒʱ	झ	جھ	hedgehog (strong jhh sound)
ɲ	ञ	ن	roughly like canyon (mostly Hindi; Urdu uses [n] (ن)).
ʈ ^[1]	ट	ٹ	artist
ʈʰ ^[1]	ठ	ٹھ	Thai, tarp (deeper thh sound)
ɖ ^[1]	ड	ڈ	odd, depot
ɖʱ ^[1]	ढ	ڈھ	adhere
ɳ	ण	ن	bunny (mostly Hindi; Urdu uses [n] (ن)).
t̪ ^[1]	त	ت، ط	kite
t̪ʰ^[1]	थ	تھ	thump (dental thh sound)
d̪ ^[1]	द	د	the
d̪ʱ^[1]	ध	دھ	within (as a dhh sound, tongue touches palate, strong air exhalation)
n	न	ن	not
p	प	پ	pencil
pʰ	फ	پھ	pith (phh sound)
b	ब	ب	butter
bʱ	भ	بھ	abhor
m	म	م	much
j	य	ی	yak
r	र	ر	rapture (r may be trilled)
l	ल	ل	leaf
ʋ ^[2]	व	و	varies between w and v
ʃ	श	ش	shoe (light s with h sound)
ʂ	ष	ش/س	assure (strong s; no h sound) (mostly Hindi; Urdu uses either [ʃ] (ش) or [s] (س)).
s	स	ث، س، ص	sue
h	ह	ح	head
q	क़	ق	quail (k in the throat, tongue not touching palate) (mostly Urdu; sometimes substituted for [k] (क) in Hindi)
x	ख़	خ	Bach (kh in the throat, tongue not touching palate) (mostly Urdu; sometimes substituted for [kʰ] (ख) in Hindi)
ɣ	ग़	غ	similar to a French r (mostly Urdu; sometimes substituted for [ɡ] (ग) in Hindi).
z	ज़	ذ، ز، ض، ظ	zen, zero
ʒ	श़	ژ	pleasure, seizure
ɽ	ड़	ڑ	gourd
ɽʱ	ढ़	ڑھ	as [ɽ] plus h; somewhat as the US: warhead or Greek rho
f	फ़	ف	phantom, food (f sound)

Vowels
IPA	Hindi	Urdu	Approximate English equivalent
ə ^[3]	अ, प	اَ، بَ	strut, but
aː	आ, पा	آ, بَا	far, heart
ɪ ^[4]	इ, पि	اِ، بِ	dill, still
iː ^[4]	ई, पी	اِی، بِی	feed
ʊ ^[4]	उ, पु	اُ، بُ	book, took
uː ^[4]	ऊ, पू	اُو، بُو	moon
rɪ	ऋ, पृ	ری، پر	Syllabic ‹r›: repaired
eː	ए, पे	اے، بے	Yale
ɛː	ऐ, पै	اَے، بَے	rain,, feign
oː	ओ, पो	او، بو	roar
ɔː	औ, पौ	اَو، بَو	know, hoe
̃	ँ	ـں	nasal vowel faun ([ãː, õː], etc.)
ŋ , ɲ , ɳ , n , m , ̃	ं	ـں	jungle
ɦ	ः	ه	ahead

Suprasegmentals
IPA
ˈ	stress (placed before stressed syllable)
ː	doubled consonant

Эзоҳ

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 ^1.7 To an English-speaker's ear, [ʈ ʈʰ t̪ t̪ʰ] all sound like /t/, and [ɖ ɖʱ d̪ d̪ʱ] all sound like /d/. However, to a Hindi-Urdu-speaker's ear, each is a very different sound. [t̪ d̪] are like the Spanish or French [t d], with the tongue touching the teeth. [t̪ʰ d̪ʱ] are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English [θ ð ] (the th and dh sounds). Hindi-Urdu [ʈ ɖ] are pronounced with the tongue further back, touching behind the teeth mid-palate. [ʈʰ ɖʱ] are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English t d, and [ʈ] is how they hear the English t after an s (as in st).
↑ Шаблон:IPAblink, Шаблон:IPAblink and intermediate [ʋ ] are allophonic in Hindi-Urdu. Some words, such as vrat ('व्रत', 'ورت', religious fast), are pronounced with [v]; others, such as pakwan ('पकवान', 'پكوان', cooked food), are pronounced with [w].
↑ /ɛ/ occurs as a conditioned allophone of /ə/ near an /h/ surrounded on both sides by schwas. Usually, the second schwa undergoes syncopation, and the resultant is just an /ɛ/ preceding an /h/.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 /iː, ɪ/ and /uː, ʊ/ are neutralised to [i , u ] at the end of a word.

[coronal-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 ^1.5 ^1.6 ^1.7 To an English-speaker's ear, [ʈ ʈʰ t̪ t̪ʰ] all sound like /t/, and [ɖ ɖʱ d̪ d̪ʱ] all sound like /d/. However, to a Hindi-Urdu-speaker's ear, each is a very different sound. [t̪ d̪] are like the Spanish or French [t d], with the tongue touching the teeth. [t̪ʰ d̪ʱ] are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English [θ ð ] (the th and dh sounds). Hindi-Urdu [ʈ ɖ] are pronounced with the tongue further back, touching behind the teeth mid-palate. [ʈʰ ɖʱ] are how a Hindi-Urdu speaker hears English t d, and [ʈ] is how they hear the English t after an s (as in st).

[vwallophone-2] Шаблон:IPAblink, Шаблон:IPAblink and intermediate [ʋ ] are allophonic in Hindi-Urdu. Some words, such as vrat ('व्रत', 'ورت', religious fast), are pronounced with [v]; others, such as pakwan ('पकवान', 'پكوان', cooked food), are pronounced with [w].

[3] /ɛ/ occurs as a conditioned allophone of /ə/ near an /h/ surrounded on both sides by schwas. Usually, the second schwa undergoes syncopation, and the resultant is just an /ɛ/ preceding an /h/.

[V-4] 4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 /iː, ɪ/ and /uː, ʊ/ are neutralised to [i , u ] at the end of a word.

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