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Шаблон:Варақаи унсури кимиёӣ/symbol-to-oxidation-state/testtable

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Oxidation states data sets (WP:ELEMENTS talk)
Z Name Symbol complete main group val note
 
1 ҳидроген H −1, +1 (an amphoteric oxide) −1, +1 1 I
2 ҳелий He 0 0 18 0
3 литий Li +1 (a strongly basic oxide) +1 1 I
4 бериллий Be +1,[1] +2 (an amphoteric oxide) +2 2 II
5 бор B −5, −1, +1, +2, +3[2][3] (a mildly acidic oxide) +3 13 III
6 карбон C −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, +1,[4] +2, +3,[5] +4[6] (a mildly acidic oxide) −4, +4 14 IV
7 натрий N −3, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a strongly acidic oxide) −3, +3, +5 15 V
8 оксиген O −2, −1, 0, +1, +2 −2 16 VI
9 фтор F −1 (oxidizes oxygen) −1 17 VII
10 неон Ne 0 0 18 0
11 натрий Na −1, +1 (a strongly basic oxide) +1 1 I
12 магний Mg +1,[7] +2 (a strongly basic oxide) +2 2 II
13 алюминий Al −2, −1, +1,[8] +2,[9] +3 (an amphoteric oxide) +3 13 III
14 силитсий Si −4, −3, −2, −1, +1,[10] +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) −4, +4 14 IV
15 фосфор P −3, −2, −1, +1,[11] +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide) −3, +3, +5 15 V
16 сулфур S −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a strongly acidic oxide) −2, +2, +4, +6 16 VI
17 хлор Cl −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (a strongly acidic oxide) −1, +1, +3, +5, +7 17 VII
18 аргон Ar 0 0 18 0
19 калий K −1, +1 (a strongly basic oxide) +1 1 I
20 калсий Ca +1,[12] +2 (a strongly basic oxide) +2 2 II
21 скандий Sc +1,[13] +2,[14] +3 (an amphoteric oxide) +3 3 III
22 титан Ti −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4[15] (an amphoteric oxide) +4 4 IV
23 ванадий V −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (an amphoteric oxide) +5 5 V
24 хром Cr −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (depending on the oxidation state, an acidic, basic, or amphoteric oxide) +2, +3, +6 6 VI
25 манган Mn −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (depending on the oxidation state, an acidic, basic, or amphoteric oxide) +2, +4, +7 7 VII
26 оҳан Fe −4, −2, −1, 0, +1,[16] +2, +3, +4, +5,[17] +6, +7[18] (an amphoteric oxide) +2, +3, +6 8 VIII
27 кобалт Co −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5[19] (an amphoteric oxide) +2, +3 9 VIII
28 никел Ni −2, −1, 0, +1,[20] +2, +3, +4[21] (a mildly basic oxide) +2 10 VIII
29 мис Cu −2, +1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide) +2 11 I
30 руҳ Zn −2, 0, +1, +2 (an amphoteric oxide) +2 12 II
31 галлий Ga −5, −4, −3,[22] −2, −1, +1, +2, +3[23] (an amphoteric oxide) +3 13 III
32 германий Ge −4 −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) −4, +2, +4 14 IV
33 арсен As −3, −2, −1, +1,[24] +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide) −3, +3, +5 15 V
34 селен Se −2, −1, +1,[25] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a strongly acidic oxide) −2, +2, +4, +6 16 VI
35 бром Br −1, +1, +3, +4, +5, +7 (a strongly acidic oxide) −1, +1, +3, +5 17 VII
36 криптон Kr 0, +1, +2 (rarely more than 0; oxide is unknown) 0 18 0
37 рубидий Rb −1, +1 (a strongly basic oxide) +1 1 I
38 стронсий Sr +1,[26] +2 (a strongly basic oxide) +2 2 II
39 иттрий Y 0,[27] +1, +2, +3 (a weakly basic oxide) +3 3 III
40 сирконий Zr −2, +1,[28] +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) +4 4 IV
41 ниобий Nb −3, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide) +5 5 V
42 молибден Mo −4, −2, −1, 0, +1,[29] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a strongly acidic oxide) +4, +6 6 VI
43 технетсий Tc −3, −1, 0, +1,[30] +2, +3,[30] +4, +5, +6, +7 (a strongly acidic oxide) +4, +7 7 VII
44 рутений Ru −4, −2, 0, +1,[31] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8 (a mildly acidic oxide) +3, +4 8 VIII
45 родий Rh −3, −1, 0, +1,[32] +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (an amphoteric oxide) +3 9 VIII
46 палладий Pd 0, +1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide) +2, +4 10 VIII
47 нуқра Ag −2, −1, +1, +2, +3 (an amphoteric oxide) +1 11 I
48 кадмий Cd −2, +1, +2 (a mildly basic oxide) +2 12 II
49 индий In −5, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3[33] (an amphoteric oxide) +3 13 III
50 қалъагӣ Sn −4, −3, −2, −1, +1,[34] +2, +3,[35] +4 (an amphoteric oxide) −4, +2, +4 14 IV
51 сурма Sb −3, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (an amphoteric oxide) −3, +3, +5 15 V
52 теллур Te −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a mildly acidic oxide) −2, +2, +4, +6 16 VI
53 йод I −1, +1, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (a strongly acidic oxide) −1, +1, +3, +5, +7 17 VII
54 ксенон Xe 0, +1, +2, +4, +6, +8 (rarely more than 0; a weakly acidic oxide) 0 18 0
55 сезий Cs −1, +1[36] (a strongly basic oxide) +1 1 I
56 барий Ba +1, +2 (a strongly basic oxide) +2 2 II
57 лантан La 0,[27] +1, +2, +3 (a strongly basic oxide) +3 3 III
58 серий Ce +1, +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide) +3, +4 n/a -
59 празеодим Pr 0,[27] +1,[37] +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly basic oxide) +3 n/a -
60 неодим Nd 0,[27] +2, +3, +4 (a mildly basic oxide) +3 n/a -
61 прометий Pm +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide) +3 n/a -
62 самарий Sm 0,[27] +1, +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide) +3 n/a -
63 европий Eu +1, +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide) +2, +3 n/a -
64 гадолиний Gd 0,[27] +1, +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide) +3 n/a -
65 тербий Tb 0,[27] +1, +2, +3, +4 (a weakly basic oxide) +3 n/a -
66 диспрозий Dy 0,[27] +1, +2, +3, +4 (a weakly basic oxide) +3 n/a -
67 ҳолмий Ho 0,[27] +1, +2, +3 (a basic oxide) +3 n/a -
68 эрбий Er 0,[27] +1, +2, +3 (a basic oxide) +3 n/a -
69 тулий Tm +2, +3 (a basic oxide) +3 n/a -
70 иттербий Yb +1, +2, +3 (a basic oxide) +3 n/a -
71 лютесий Lu 0,[27] +1, +2, +3 (a weakly basic oxide) +3 n/a -
72 ҳафний Hf −2, +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) +4 4 IV
73 тантал Ta −3, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide) +5 5 V
74 волфрам W −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a mildly acidic oxide) +4, +6 6 VI
75 рений Re −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (a mildly acidic oxide) +4 7 VII
76 осмий Os −4, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8 (a mildly acidic oxide) +4 8 VIII
77 иридий Ir −3, −1, 0, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7, +8, +9[38] +3, +4 9 VIII
78 платина Pt −3, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6 (a mildly basic oxide) +2, +4 10 VIII
79 тилло Au −3, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +5 (an amphoteric oxide) +1, +3 11 I
80 симоб Hg −2 , +1 (mercurous), +2 (mercuric) (a mildly basic oxide) +2 12 II
81 таллий Tl −5,[39] −2, −1, +1, +2, +3 (a mildly basic oxide) +1, +3 13 III
82 сурб Pb −4, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4 (an amphoteric oxide) +2, +4 14 IV
83 висмут Bi −3, −2, −1, +1, +2, +3, +4, +5 (a mildly acidic oxide) +3 15 V
84 полоний Po −2, +2, +4, +5,[40] +6 (an amphoteric oxide) −2, +2, +4 16 VI
85 астат At −1, +1, +3, +5, +7[41] −1, +1 17 VII
86 радон Rn 0, +2, +6 0 18 0
87 франcий Fr +1 (a strongly basic oxide) +1 1 I
88 радий Ra +2 (expected to have a strongly basic oxide) +2 2 II
89 актиний Ac +2, +3 (a strongly basic oxide) +3 3 III
90 торий Th +1, +2, +3, +4 (a weakly basic oxide) +4 n/a -
91 протактиний Pa +2, +3, +4, +5 (a weakly basic oxide) +5 n/a -
92 уран U +1, +2, +3,[42] +4, +5, +6 (a weakly basic oxide) +6 n/a -
93 нептуний Np +2, +3, +4,[43] +5, +6, +7 (an amphoteric oxide) +5 n/a -
94 плутоний Pu +1, +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (an amphoteric oxide) +4 n/a -
95 америcий Am +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7 (an amphoteric oxide) +3 n/a -
96 кюрий Cm +2, +3, +4, +5,[44] +6[45] (an amphoteric oxide) +3 n/a -
97 берклий Bk +2, +3, +4, +5[44] +3 n/a -
98 калифорний Cf +2, +3, +4, +5[46][44] +3 n/a -
99 эйнштейний Es +2, +3, +4 +3 n/a -
100 фермий Fm +2, +3 +3 n/a -
101 менделевий Md +2, +3 +3 n/a -
102 нобелий No +2, +3 +2 n/a -
103 лоуренсий Lr +3 +3 n/a -
104 резерфордий Rf (+2), (+3), +4[47][48][49] (parenthesized: prediction) (+3), +4 (parenthesized: prediction) 4 IV
105 дубний Db (+3), (+4), +5[48][49] (parenthesized: prediction) +5 5 V
106 сиборгий Sg 0, (+3), (+4), (+5), +6[48][49] (parenthesized: prediction) (+4), +6 (parenthesized: prediction) 6 VI
107 борий Bh (+3), (+4), (+5), +7[48][49] (parenthesized: prediction) (+3), (+4), (+5), +7 (parenthesized: prediction) 7 VII
108 ҳассий Hs (+2), (+3), (+4), (+6), +8[50][49][51] (parenthesized: prediction) (+3), (+4) (parenthesized: prediction) 8 VIII
109 мейтнерий Mt (+1), (+3), (+4), (+6), (+8), (+9) (predicted)[48][52][53][49] (+1), (+3), (+6) (predicted) 9 VIII
110 дармштадтий Ds (0), (+2), (+4), (+6), (+8) (predicted)[48][49] (0), (+2), (+8) (predicted) 10 VIII
111 рентгений Rg (−1), (+1), (+3), (+5), (+7) (predicted)[48][49][54] (+3) (predicted) 11 I
112 коперниcий Cn 0, (+1), +2, (+4) (parenthesized: prediction)[48][55][49] 0, +2 12 II
113 ниҳоний Nh (−1), (+1), (+3), (+5) (predicted)[48][49][56] (+1), (+3) (predicted) 13 III
114 флеровий Fl (0), (+1), (+2), (+4), (+6) (predicted)[48][49][57] (+2) (predicted) 14 IV
115 московиум Mc (+1), (+3) (predicted)[48][49] (+1), (+3) (predicted) 15 V
116 ливерморий Lv (−2),[58] (+2), (+4) (predicted)[48] (+2) (predicted) 16 VI
117 теннесин Ts (−1), (+1), (+3), (+5) (predicted)[49][48] (+1), (+3) (predicted) 17 VII
118 оганессон Og (−1),[48] (0), (+1),[59] (+2),[60] (+4),[60] (+6)[48] (predicted) (+2), (+4) (predicted) 18 0
119 унуненний Uue (+1), (+3) (predicted)[48] (+1) (predicted) 1 I
120 унбинилий Ubn (+1),[61] (+2), (+4) (predicted)[48] (+2) (predicted) 2 II
121 унбиуний Ubu (+1), (+3) (predicted)[48][62] (+3) (predicted) 3 III
122 унбибий Ubb (+4) (predicted)[63] (+4) (predicted) -
123 унбитрий Ubt (+5) (predicted)[63] (+5) (predicted)
124 унбиквадий Ubq (+6) (predicted)[63] (+6) (predicted)
125 унбипентий Ubp (+1), (+6), (+7) (predicted)[63] (+6), (+7) (predicted)
126 унбигексий Ubh (+1), (+2), (+4), (+6), (+8) (predicted)[63] (+4), (+6), (+8) (predicted)

References

[вироиши манбаъ]
  1. ↑ Beryllium: Beryllium(I) Hydride compound data. bernath.uwaterloo.ca. 10 Декабри 2007 санҷида шуд.
  2. ↑ (1995) «Infrared Emission Spectroscopy of BF and AIF». J. Molecular Spectroscopy 170 (1). doi:10.1006/jmsp.1995.1058. Bibcode: 1995JMoSp.170...82Z.
  3. ↑ Melanie Schroeder. Eigenschaften von borreichen Boriden und Scandium-Aluminium-Oxid-Carbiden(олмонӣ), стр. 139.
  4. ↑ Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the Electronic Transition of the Jet-Cooled CCI Free Radical. 6 Декабри 2007 санҷида шуд.
  5. ↑ Fourier Transform Spectroscopy of the System of CP. 6 Декабри 2007 санҷида шуд.
  6. ↑ Carbon: Binary compounds. 6 Декабри 2007 санҷида шуд.
  7. ↑ Bernath, P. F. (1985). «The spectrum of magnesium hydride». Astrophysical Journal 298. doi:10.1086/163620. Bibcode: 1985ApJ...298..375B.
  8. ↑ (1996) «Aluminum(I) and Gallium(I) Compounds: Syntheses, Structures, and Reactions». Angewandte Chemie International Edition 35 (2): 129–149. doi:10.1002/anie.199601291.
  9. ↑ D. C. Tyte (1964). «Red (B2Π–A2σ) Band System of Aluminium Monoxide». Nature 202 (4930). doi:10.1038/202383a0. Bibcode: 1964Natur.202..383T.
  10. ↑ Ram, R. S. (1998). «Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of the A2D–X2P Transition of SiH and SiD». J. Mol. Spectr. 190 (2): 341–352. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1998.7582. PMID 9668026.
  11. ↑ (2006) «Phosphorus(I) Iodide: A Versatile Metathesis Reagent for the Synthesis of Low Oxidation State Phosphorus Compounds». Inorganic Chemistry 45 (17): 6864–74. doi:10.1021/ic060186o. PMID 16903744.
  12. ↑ (2010) «Mechanistic Elucidation of the Formation of the Inverse Ca(I) Sandwich Complex [(thf)3Ca(μ-C6H3-1,3,5-Ph3)Ca(thf)3] and Stability of Aryl-Substituted Phenylcalcium Complexes». Journal of the American Chemical Society 132 (35): 12492–12501. doi:10.1021/ja105534w. PMID 20718434.
  13. ↑ Smith, R. E. (1973). «Diatomic Hydride and Deuteride Spectra of the Second Row Transition Metals». Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences 332 (1588): 113–127. doi:10.1098/rspa.1973.0015. Bibcode: 1973RSPSA.332..113S.
  14. ↑ McGuire, Joseph C. (1960). «Preparation and Properties of Scandium Dihydride». Journal of Chemical Physics 33 (5): 1584–1585. doi:10.1063/1.1731452. Bibcode: 1960JChPh..33.1584M.
  15. ↑ Andersson, N. (2003). «Emission spectra of TiH and TiD near 938 nm». J. Chem. Phys. 118 (8). doi:10.1063/1.1539848. Bibcode: 2003JChPh.118.3543A.
  16. ↑ (2003) «Fourier transform emission spectroscopy of the g4Δ-a4Δ system of FeCl». Journal of Molecular Spectroscopy 221 (2). doi:10.1016/S0022-2852(03)00225-X. Bibcode: 2003JMoSp.221..261R.
  17. ↑ Demazeau, G. (1982). «Recent developments in the field of high oxidation states of transition elements in oxides stabilization of Six-coordinated Iron(V)». Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie 491: 60–66. doi:10.1002/zaac.19824910109.
  18. ↑ Lu, J. (2016). «Experimental and theoretical identification of the Fe(VII) oxidation state in FeO4−». Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 18 (45): 31125–31131. doi:10.1039/C6CP06753K. PMID 27812577. Bibcode: 2016PCCP...1831125L.
  19. ↑ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 1117–1119. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. 
  20. ↑ (2009) «A Dinuclear Nickel(I) Dinitrogen Complex and its Reduction in Single-Electron Steps». Angewandte Chemie International Edition 48 (18): 3357–61. doi:10.1002/anie.200805862. PMID 19322853.
  21. ↑ (2009) «A Stable Tetraalkyl Complex of Nickel(IV)». Angewandte Chemie International Edition 48 (2): 290–4. doi:10.1002/anie.200804435. PMID 19021174.
  22. ↑ Ga(−3) has been observed in LaGa, see (2011) «Lanthan-Triel/Tetrel-ide La(Al,Ga)x(Si,Ge)1-x. Experimentelle und theoretische Studien zur Stabilität intermetallischer 1:1-Phasen». Z. Naturforsch. 66b: 1107–1121.
  23. ↑ Hofmann, Patrick (1997). Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden (PDF) (in немисӣ). PhD Thesis, ETH Zurich. p. 72. ISBN 978-3728125972. doi:10.3929/ethz-a-001859893. 
  24. ↑ (2004) «Stabilized Arsenic(I) Iodide: A Ready Source of Arsenic Iodide Fragments and a Useful Reagent for the Generation of Clusters». Inorganic Chemistry 43 (19): 5981–6. doi:10.1021/ic049281s. PMID 15360247.
  25. ↑ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. 
  26. ↑ (1996) «High-Resolution Infrared Emission Spectrum of Strontium Monofluoride». J. Molecular Spectroscopy 175 (1). doi:10.1006/jmsp.1996.0019. Bibcode: 1996JMoSp.175..158C.
  27. ↑ 27.00 27.01 27.02 27.03 27.04 27.05 27.06 27.07 27.08 27.09 27.10 Yttrium and all lanthanides except Ce, Pm, Eu, Tm, Yb have been observed in the oxidation state 0 in bis(1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) complexes, see Cloke, F. Geoffrey N. (1993). «Zero Oxidation State Compounds of Scandium, Yttrium, and the Lanthanides». Chem. Soc. Rev. 22: 17–24. doi:10.1039/CS9932200017.
  28. ↑ Zirconium: zirconium(I) fluoride compound data. OpenMOPAC.net. 10 Декабри 2007 санҷида шуд.
  29. ↑ Molybdenum: molybdenum(I) fluoride compound data. OpenMOPAC.net. 10 Декабри 2007 санҷида шуд.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Technetium: technetium(III) iodide compound data. OpenMOPAC.net. 10 Декабри 2007 санҷида шуд.
  31. ↑ Ruthenium: ruthenium(I) fluoride compound data. OpenMOPAC.net. 10 Декабри 2007 санҷида шуд.
  32. ↑ Rhodium: rhodium(I) fluoride compound data. OpenMOPAC.net. 10 Декабри 2007 санҷида шуд.
  33. ↑ (1996) «Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of Two Lanthanum Indium Germanides with Novel Structures and Properties». Inorganic Chemistry 35 (9): 2616–22. doi:10.1021/ic951378e.
  34. ↑ HSn. NIST Chemistry WebBook. National Institute of Standards and Technology. 23 Январ 2013 санҷида шуд.
  35. ↑ SnH3. NIST Chemistry WebBook. National Institure of Standards and Technology. 23 Январ 2013 санҷида шуд.
  36. ↑ Dye, J. L. (1979). «Compounds of Alkali Metal Anions». Angewandte Chemie International Edition 18 (8): 587–598. doi:10.1002/anie.197905871.
  37. ↑ (2019-12-13) «Lanthanides with Unusually Low Oxidation States in the PrB3– and PrB4– Boride Clusters». Inorganic Chemistry 58 (1): 411–418. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b02572. PMID 30543295.
  38. ↑ Wang, Guanjun (2014). «Identification of an iridium-containing compound with a formal oxidation state of IX». Nature 514 (7523): 475–477. doi:10.1038/nature13795. PMID 25341786. Bibcode: 2014Natur.514..475W.
  39. ↑ (1996) «Na23K9Tl15.3: An Unusual Zintl Compound Containing Apparent Tl57−, Tl48−, Tl37−, and Tl5− Anions». Inorganic Chemistry 35 (11): 3107–12. doi:10.1021/ic960014z.
  40. ↑ (2010) «Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements». Relativistic Methods for Chemists. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2.
  41. ↑ Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-08-037941-8. 
  42. ↑ Morss, L.R.; Edelstein, N.M.; Fuger, J., eds. (2006). The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Netherlands: Springer. ISBN 978-9048131464. 
  43. ↑ Np(II), (III) and (IV) have been observed, see (2017) «Reduction chemistry of neptunium cyclopentadienide complexes: from structure to understanding». Chem. Sci. 8 (4): 2553–2561. doi:10.1039/C7SC00034K. PMID 28553487.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 (2018) «Pentavalent Curium, Berkelium, and Californium in Nitrate Complexes: Extending Actinide Chemistry and Oxidation States». Inorg. Chem. (American Chemical Society) 57 (15): 9453–9467. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01450. PMID 30040397.
  45. ↑ (October 2011) «Formation of volatile curium(VI) trioxide CmO3». Radiochemistry (SP MAIK Nauka/Interperiodica) 53 (5): 453–6. doi:10.1134/S1066362211050018.
  46. ↑ Greenwood, Earnshaw, p. 1265.
  47. ↑ Rutherfordium. Royal Chemical Society. 21 сентябри 2019 санҷида шуд.
  48. ↑ 48.00 48.01 48.02 48.03 48.04 48.05 48.06 48.07 48.08 48.09 48.10 48.11 48.12 48.13 48.14 48.15 48.16 48.17 Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean. The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements (3rd ed.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Springer Science+Business Media. ISBN 978-1-4020-3555-5. 
  49. ↑ 49.00 49.01 49.02 49.03 49.04 49.05 49.06 49.07 49.08 49.09 49.10 49.11 49.12 (1975) «Superheavy elements: a prediction of their chemical and physical properties». Recent Impact of Physics on Inorganic Chemistry 21. doi:10.1007/BFb0116498. Санҷида шуд 4 October 2013.
  50. ↑ Haire, 2006, p. 1691.
  51. ↑ Investigation of group 8 metallocenes @ TASCA. 7th Workshop on Recoil Separator for Superheavy Element Chemistry TASCA 08. Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (2008).
  52. ↑ (2004) «Halides of Tetravalent Transactinides (Rf, Db, Sg, Bh, Hs, Mt, 110th Element): Physicochemical Properties». Russian Journal of Coordination Chemistry 30 (5): 352. doi:10.1023/B:RUCO.0000026006.39497.82.
  53. ↑ (2010) «How Far Can We Go? Quantum-Chemical Investigations of Oxidation State +IX». ChemPhysChem 11 (4): 865–9. doi:10.1002/cphc.200900910. PMID 20127784.
  54. ↑ (15 June 2019) «Theoretical Search for the Highest Valence States of the Coinage Metals: Roentgenium Heptafluoride May Exist». Inorganic Chemistry 2019 (58): 8735–8738. doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01139.
  55. ↑ Gäggeler, Heinz W.; Türler, Andreas (2013). "Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements". The Chemistry of Superheavy Elements. Springer Science+Business Media. pp. 415–483. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-37466-1_8. Retrieved 2018-04-21. 
  56. ↑ Thayer, John S. (2010). "Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements". In Barysz, Maria; Ishikawa, Yasuyuki. Relativistic Methods for Chemists. Springer. pp. 63–67. ISBN 978-1-4020-9974-8. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2. 
  57. ↑ Schwerdtfeger, Peter (2002). «Relativistic Quantum Chemistry of the Superheavy Elements. Closed-Shell Element 114 as a Case Study». Journal of Nuclear and Radiochemical Sciences 3 (1): 133–136. doi:10.14494/jnrs2000.3.133. Санҷида шуд 12 September 2014.
  58. ↑ (2010) «Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements». Relativistic Methods for Chemists. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2.
  59. ↑ (2000) «Spin–orbit effects on the transactinide p-block element monohydrides MH (M=element 113–118)». Journal of Chemical Physics 112 (6). doi:10.1063/1.480842. Bibcode: 2000JChPh.112.2684H.
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 Kaldor, Uzi; Wilson, Stephen (2003). Theoretical Chemistry and Physics of Heavy and Superheavy Elements. Springer. p. 105. ISBN 978-1402013713. Retrieved 2008-01-18. 
  61. ↑ (2010) «Relativistic Effects and the Chemistry of the Heavier Main Group Elements». Relativistic Methods for Chemists. doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-9975-5_2.
  62. ↑ (12 September 2016) «4-Component correlated all-electron study on Eka-actinium Fluoride (E121F) including Gaunt interaction: Accurate analytical form, bonding and influence on rovibrational spectra». Chemical Physics Letters 662: 169–175. doi:10.1016/j.cplett.2016.09.025. Bibcode: 2016CPL...662..169A.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 63.3 63.4 (2011) «A suggested periodic table up to Z ≤ 172, based on Dirac–Fock calculations on atoms and ions». Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 13 (1): 161–8. doi:10.1039/c0cp01575j. PMID 20967377. Bibcode: 2011PCCP...13..161P.

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